DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51148/jaas.2020.3

THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVE

COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE IN

THE DESIGN OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS IN ORDER TO

REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN TABRIZ

Yaser Narimanpour Maleki¹, Shabnam Namdar Akbari², Nader Ghaemi²,

Somayyeh Omranifar²

¹Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

²Department of Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University Tabriz, Iran

ABSTRACT: The issue of energy in our country has not received considerable

attention for years, however, in recent years, designers and planners sought to focus on

the subject of the optimization of energy consumption in one of the major centers of

Research Article

energy consumption, that is building, due to the high cost of energy consumption and

the concern about the depletion of these energy resources and the pollution arising

PII: S238315532000003-9

from consuming these fuels. Meanwhile, tall buildings consume a large portion of non-

renewable energy resources. Due to the construction of high-rise buildings, growing

urban population, and limited proper land, designers should seek to reduce its negative

environmental effects instead of rejecting it. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention

to sustainable architectural strategies in the process of designing and the exploitation

stage of these buildings because of the accumulation of users at a limited level the

significant use of energy resources in tall buildings. This paper attempts to analyze the

effective elements in sustainable architecture in the design of high-rise buildings in

Tabriz to reduce energy consumption. This study is of quantitative nature and data was

collected using archive or library study. The findings of this research highlight that

observing the effective components of sustainable architecture in the design of

towering buildings contributes to saving energy consumption for space heating by

66%, and saving energy consumption for space cooling by 37.5 %.

Received: 15 May, 2020

Revised: 12 June, 2020

Published: 15 June, 2020

^Corresponding author’s E-mail:

KEYWORDS: Sustainability, Climate, Energy Consumption, High-Rise Buildings

INTRODUCTION

consumed energy. For the meantime, among the

components of energy consumption in the building,

Considering the statistics related to the high rate of

urbanization all over the world, especially in

developing countries as well as Iran, it could be

estimated that, in the next 20 years, about 60% of

the world’s population will live in cities.

This number in Iran has been predicted to be

70%. The addition of each household to the urban

population has different consequences, the most

important of which is the provision of housing [1].

The issue of high-rise buildings is also at the

beginning of a great transformation. Today, the

crisis of housing quality has overcome the issue of

quantity crisis, which is due to the adoption of

policies to solve the problem of housing like

constructing buildings “as fast as possible”, “as small

as possible”, and “as cheap as possible”, that are high

on the agenda [2].

the heating systems of buildings that mainly use

fossil fuels, are among the major consumers of

energy, so that 70% percent of natural gas consumed

in buildings is spent on heating [3]. Also, in large

cities, 30% percent of air pollution is generated from

buildings. So, our environment is being harmed and

is moving in an unpleasant direction [4].

On sustainable development and, of course,

sustainable architecture, it has become clear that

every building must interact with its natural

environment. The controversial and considerable

part of this issue is how to establish the interaction

and also the type of measures considered. Given the

cold and dry climate Tabriz, designing buildings

should be done in a way that we can use natural

energies to the maximum, and thus we can direct the

criteria of a building towards sustainability [5]. This

study, first, discussed the issue of sustainable

architecture and its principles. Then, the climatic

On the other hand, in our country, energy

consumption in buildings amounts to 40% of total

Citation: Narimanpour Maleki Y, Namdar Akbari Sh,

Ghaemi N, Omranifar S (2020). The Qualitative Analysis

of the Effective Components of Sustainable Architecture

in the Design of High-rise Buildings in order to Reduce

Energy Consumption in Tabriz. J. Art Arch. Stud., 9 (1):

14-22. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51148/jaas.2020.3

2020 SCIENCELINE

Journal of Art and Architecture Studies

ISSN 2383-1553

JAAS

J. Art Arch. Stud. 9(1): 14-22, June 15, 2020

J Art Arch Stud. 9(1): 14-22, 2020

design strategies of high-rise buildings in accordance

2. Optimizing the use of resources and

with the cold and mountainous climate of Tabriz minimizing the use of natural resources in a

city, and the impact of these strategies on reducing proportion that is less than their natural growth.

fossil fuel consumption will be studied and analyzed.

3. Minimum production of waste and pollution

The aim of this study is to explain the design models that can be absorbed on a scale and capacity ranging

of large buildings consistent with the cold and from the environment to world.

mountainous climate of Tabriz to reduce energy

consumption.

4. Providing basic human and Social needs and

creating healthy environment for future

Hypothesis: there is a feature in sustainable generations [7].

architecture that has led to reduced energy

consumption in massive buildings.

Housing

The great land of Iran is one of the few countries

Research question: How and using what

strategies will architectures reduce energy that has provided a unique type of architectural

consumption in high-rise buildings?

culture to the world architecture during its history.

Important cultural and geographical features of Iran

have made for a great variety in its architecture [8].

The formation of housing is subject to cultural,

MATERIAL AND METHODS

To create a cohesive foundation, data in this climatic, economical, and subsistence factors and

quantitative research has been gathered based on conditions [9].

library study and field research and this study deals

Studying the history of housing, it could be

with analyzing effective components of sustainable found out that human beings have inevitably

architecture in designing high-rise buildings to adapted themselves and their living space to climatic

reduce energy consumption in Tabriz.

and cultural conditions. It could be found out that

three important factors constituting the primary

man-made shelters include the climate in which they

Sustainable architecture

Today, the issue of sustainable development is lived, the type of material that they had access to,

considered to be one of the most fascinating and and predicting and developing methods to prevent

common discussions at the international level. The dangers that might threaten them [10].

extensive and scholarly discussion on this topic led

In the second meeting on human housing which

to the opening of The United Nations Conference on took place in Istanbul, favourable housing has been

Sustainable Development, also known as Earth defined as follows: desirable shelter does not simply

Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

mean a roof over the head of each person, rather it

This conference was later called Rio Summit in means desirable comfort, desirable space, physical

which a resolution was issued to offer strategies for access and greater security, ownership security,

the sustainable development of countries around the stability, construct durability, proper lightening,

world [5]. This is the most important definition of ventilation, and heating system as well as proper

sustainable design presented at the Rio Summit: basic infrastructures such as water supply, hygiene,

sustainable design is a kind of design that aims to fill good environmental quality, and suitable place in

the current needs without damaging the resources of terms of work and basic facilities all of which need to

future generations. In sustainable design, the socio- be provided according to the people’s affordability

economical sustainability should be considered just [11].

like the degree of energy consumption and the

environmental effect of buildings and cities [6].

Climatic design

The term ‘implementing climatic design’ is used

to refer to specific construction techniques the aim

The principles of sustainable architecture

To achieve sustainable development, the of which is to reduce heating and cooling costs using

following strategies and principles should be natural energy flows to create comfort conditions in

observed:

1. Using and sustaining the consumption of reduce the overall energy costs of a building and

renewable resources (sun and wind). creates better comfort conditions for buildings [12].

buildings. Climatic design is a method that is used to

Table 1. The table of literature review in order of historical sequence

Narimanpour Maleki et al., 2020

The title of research

work

Time

Author(s)

Results

The national Building

regulations of Iran.

In addition to the location of building, it is necessary to observe

other factors such as the installation of controlled entrances, the

use of rough textures and dark colors to cover the exterior

surface of buildings and reducing the area of opening surfaces.

Hariri, Rezai et

al. [13]

2004

1999

2000

Discussion

Lowering

19-

Energy

Consumption

Construction

Accordance

Climate

with

Pourdeyhami,

S. [14]

The formation and direction of building shell should be in such a

way that it can absorb maximum radiation in winter.

The

qualitative

Desirable and proper housing must have these characteristics:

the possibility of interacting with environment: buildings should

be designed so that the need for artificial regulators of

environmental conditions be reduced to the minimum.

features of desirable

building (the basics

of design the ways to

achieve it)

Nagizadeh, M.

[15]

High-rise buildings consume large amount of non-renewable

The

Basics

of energy resources and are regarded as one of the most non-

Golabchi, M.

[16]

2014

Designing High-rise ecological buildings. Given the need to construct towering

Buildings

buildings, designers should seek to reduce its negative

environmental effects instead of ruling it out.

The analysis and processing research was from the point of view of author.

Tabriz climate

Building shell design arrangements; 4) Mechanical

Tabriz is the center of Eastern Azerbaijan heating system.

province which is located at approximately 46

degrees 25 minutes east longitude, 38 degrees 2

minutes north latitude from Greenwich Meridian.

The elevation of Tabriz is 1340 m [17]. Among the

climatic characteristics of Tabriz, we can refer to its

bitter and long winters, and for several months of

the year, the earth is covered with ice and snow.

Rainfall is low in summer due to mountain range in

western Iran, which, as

barrier, prevents

Mediterranean air from entering Iran and retains

moisture in its hillside. Rainfall in winters is mostly

in the form of snow, and in general, in the region,

short spring separates winter and summer from each

other. Examining temperature information in

Tabriz, it could be found that 62% of the time the

weather is cold and very cold, and 17% of the time

the weather is hot and basically the weather is not

very hot, and 21% of the time the weather is mild

[18]. Figure 1 shows the range of need for shade and

sun in different months of the year in Tabriz. This

figure supports that buildings in Tabriz need shade

in the hours of the day in the months of June, July,

August, and September, and need sun in the other

months of the year.

Figure 1. The calendar of need for shade and sun

[24].

Landscape design arrangements

Landscaping using trees and plants can reduce

energy consumption for heating and cooling. In this

method, by the shading of trees, the ability of trees

to direct the flow of air as well as by the evaporation

of plants, inactive and cooling can be created. Using

careful landscaping and design ideas, we can be

influential in the optimization of energy

consumption and energy storage, especially at the

height of summer and winter. Studies on the

analysis of the energy consumption of households

Climatic design measures for high-rise

buildings in Tabriz to reduce energy

consumption

Climatic design measures for housing in cold

climate includes the following: 1) Landscape design

arrangements; 2) Building design arrangements; 3)

J Art Arch Stud. 9(1): 14-22, 2020

suggest that landscaping helped reduce energy outside the building reduce energy consumption for

heating spaces by 20% [22].

consumption by 25% for heating, and by 50% for

cooling [19]. Landscape design measures in winter

and summer have been shown in Table 3.

Table 2. Landscape design measures in winter and

summer [19].

Landscape design

measures

Description

Evergreen trees in the northern and

Using

protecting

winter wind

plants

for

eastern sides of the building slow

down the wind and create a layer of

thermal insulation

against

Trees that shed their leaves, reduce

indoor temperature in summer and

increase it in winter on the south

and southwest fronts of the

building.

Using plants to create

shade in summer

Figure 3. semi-protected areas outside the building

- preventing summer sunlight and keeping sun heat

in winter [12].

Building design measures

Placing building deep in the ground

Harsh weather conditions in the basement can

be significantly stabilized and mitigated, and this

can barely be considered as an advantage for

underground buildings. In fact, below the depth of

1.5 to 2 ft (45 to 61 cm), not much of daily

temperature changes are noticeable [12]. With more

building coverage by land, the building can be

protected from the air. In surface structures, up to

35% of heat loss can often be due to air penetration

[20].

Figure 4. the numbers indicate that the amount of

cubic feet of air entering the building is the result of

opening the door once [21].

Using vestibule at the entrance of the

building

Under normal winter conditions, while doors

and windows are closed, air infiltration will increase

the building’s thermal load by 1.3 times. Heat loss

through air penetration will reach about 75% of the

total thermal load of the building. Vestibule design

in the part of the building that faces the north wind,

will also be of high value. Although, an attempt must

be made not to put the entrance door in this part of

the building [12].

Figure. 2. More coverage of building by land [21].

Semi-protected areas outside the building

Patios, porches, and enclosed areas outside the

house contribute to the comfort of the interior space

and function as a private space. The protrusion in

front of the roof and porches in summer casts a

shadow over walls, openings, and the area around

the building, and this helps keep the air temperature

outside the building down. These outdoor spaces are

also beneficial in winter. Buildings can be designed

to create a series of solar boxes next to the building.

These boxes can keep the air around the house warm

by using sun’s heat which will not only increase the

length of time the building’s outdoor space is used,

but also will help create a warmer environment, and

so the building’s heat loss will be reduced. Plants,

outdoor walls and even greenhouse can be used for

this purpose [12]. These semi-protected areas

Building shell design arrangements

Shell is also an efficient component in design

and faces three general methods with buildings

shells to achieve proper design with climatic

principles:

1. Shell as the separator of building from the

outside climatic conditions through thermal

resistance (insulation).

2. Shell as thermal mass (delaying the

conduction of heat through the body of the building)

Narimanpour Maleki et al., 2020

3. Shell as the storage and distributor of heat

in the building [22].

2. Using double-glazed or multiple-glazed

walls with an empty space between two shells, is a

method to avoid heat loss [23].

Using double-glazed windows

3. Using proper materials with high capacity

Windows are more vulnerable to unwanted heat and thermal insulation is one of the solutions that

transfer than any other element in the building shell. can be used to prevent outer cold air [23].

The thermal resistance of normal glass is much less

than that of insulated walls. The thermal resistance insulation on the exterior shell of the building.

of double-glazed windows is 1.2 times that of single- 5. To prevent evaporative freezing in the

glazed windows [12]. Double-glazed windows help to building shell in cold and mountainous climate,

4. Maintaining heat by placing thermal

reduce energy consumption by 37%.

vapor barrier needs to be installed in the warm side

of the building shell insulation [24].

6. Minimizing the number and area of

openings and using materials with lower heat

transfer coefficient for window frames.

7. Using night insulation for windows (night

insulation is a thick screen that is pulled into the

interior wall of windows during the night to prevent

heat dissipation). Thick screens help reduce heat

transfer by 4 to 8 percent, thus reducing energy

consumption [25].

Building

component

Function

Usage

Figure 5. Double-glazed window [29]

1. Reducing the speed of

indoor and outdoor heat

exchange

For rooms

used during

cold nights

Thick screen

2. Camouflage inside at night

3. Reducing natural light

Source: Razjouyan [28]

8. Building shell should not cast a shadow on

itself (progress and regression should not be in the

plan)

9. Using plants in the greenhouse space and its

combination with building facade to absorb the heat

of the sun from the outer space into indoor space

[26].

10. Adding a new layer of materials in the

details around entrances and windows and reducing

the penetration of cold air and lowering energy

consumption [27].

Figure 6. The details of double-glazed wall with 11

cm brickwork façade

11. The exterior facade of building in the cold

climate should be covered with dark colors.

Therefore, it will absorb more thermal energy [28].

The following table shows the percentage of the

thermal absorption of various kinds of colors:

The insulation of exterior walls of the

building and the proper design of openings

To achieve the goals of sustainable architecture

and the design of building’s shells with the climatic

approach, observing the following points can be

effective:

1. The direction of the building is one of the

serious issues for using sunlight in winter in cold

and mountainous climates. To reduce energy

consumption, the design based on inactive system is

influential [23].

The percentage of thermal

absorption

Color

Percentage of thermal

absorption capacity

Black

Brown, green, and red

Yellow

92%

73%

60%

40%

52%

40%

Light beige and white

Metalic (dark metalic)

Metalic (bright metalic)

Completely bright metalic

Rouhani M, [30].

J Art Arch Stud. 9(1): 14-22, 2020

12. Using photovoltaic cells in building facade

and roof and its combination with building structure

is a method to provide sufficient heat in the building

from solar energy [29] Observing the mentioned

items will reduce energy loss by 29& in the walls,

and 14% in the openings, thus reducing the

consumption of fossil fuels [27].

Green roof

The contemporary method of roof greenery,

known as green roof, represents a space where grass

and plants are planted at a shallower depth of soil.

Green roof is a space with a vegetation cover that is

structurally combined with any man-made structure.

The word ‘roof’ in this term is used to refer to any

continuous surface whether with open or closed

walls that has been designed for protecting residents

[35]. Green roof system is a branch of sustainable

architecture with many economical goals including

increasing insulation by 25% and saving energy [26].

Figure 8. the ventilation and cooling of attic space

by the protrusion of roof edge and holes under the

arch [12].

Figure 9. The details of sloping green roof [22].

Figure 7. the constituting elements of green roof

Mechanical heating system

[30].

Underfloor heating system saves energy by 25%

to 30% compared with conventional heating systems

like radiator, or fan coil. The reasons for this are

extremely large radiation levels (equal to the area of

heated space), low water temperature circulating in

underfloor heating system (between 35% to 50% ºC),

low heat exchange between floor and cold walls,

even distribution of heat throughout the surface and

space, and avoiding problems with radiator

including its blackness, clogging, decay and finally

problems related to repairing and maintaining it.

Using this thermal method, warm weather in the

environment will be very desirable and uniform

because hot air is lighter than cold air and heat is

always transferred from bottom to top. Thus, it

would be better to heat the ambient air from lower

level (floor) [29].

Using the space under sloping roof as a

storage space between indoor and outdoor

air

The attic floor must be well insulated to prevent

heat loss from the attic and also to prevent roof

heating which melts snow. Due to the heat

absorption from the south side of sloping roof, the

temperature of this room is also increased which

causes snow to melt on the north side of the roof and

also creates an ice dam. This room should be

properly ventilated to prevent this as well as

perspiration. The protrusion of roof edge and holes

under the arch are suitable for ventilation and for

keeping attic space cool [12]. The thermal insulation

of roof reduces heat loss by 26%, and so cuts down

fossil fuels consumption [25].

Narimanpour Maleki et al., 2020

Figure 10. proper and ideal mode in

underfloor heating system and improper mode in

radiator and fan coil heating systems

Wind energy

Using wind energy in high-rise buildings has

higher efficiency than low buildings due to the

considerable height of these constructions and the

high speed and intensity of wind. Using this energy

in the natural ventilation of high-rise buildings

(atrium) and also in the generation of electricity by

means of wind turbines, is among the strategies used

in these buildings for sustainability [16].

Chart 1. The increased wind density in different

heights. Source [30].

DATA ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION

The level of reduced

Descriptions

energy consumption

This study attempted to analyze the effective

components of sustainable architecture in the design

of high-rise buildings to reduce energy consumption

in Tabriz so that it can deal with the effect of the

above-mentioned models on reducing fossil fuels

consumption and environment sustainability. The

following table shows sustainability models in the

design of high-rise buildings in cold and dry climate

and the effect of these models on reducing fossil

fuels consumption for heating buildings.

Thus, today, considering the air pollution in

cities and environmental issues resulting from using

non-renewable energy resources, the design of high-

rise buildings should be reconsidered. Given the data

mentioned in Table 6, it could be found that by

observing sustainability models in the design of

towering buildings in cold climate, we can:

- the reduced

- Using plants next

consumption of heating

to the exterior walls

by 25% and of cooling by

of buildings

50%

- locating building

deep in the ground

- using vestibule in

entrance

- designing semi-

protected areas

outside building

- reduced heat loss by 35%

- reduced heat loss by 15%

through air permeation

- reduced energy

consumption by 20%

- reduced heat loss by 37%

compared with single-

glazed windows

- reduced energy

consumption by 29%

- reduced energy

consumption by 26%

- increased insulation

level by 25%

- using double-

glazed windows

- insulating the

exterior walls of

buildings

- insulating roofs

- green roof system

- proper design of

openings

Do modeling for high-rise spaces to achieve

climate-friendly architectural concepts

- reduced energy

Save energy for heating spaces by 66%

Save energy for cooling spaces by 37.5%.

consumption by 14%

- reduced sunlight by 20%

to 25% and reduced heat

transfer by 4% to 8%

- indoor canopies

Suggestions

The following suggestion are, thus, provided in

addition to those mentioned in the above table, to

re-examine high-rise buildings design and to save

more energy in consuming fossil fuels for heating

buildings in winter:

- reduced energy

- underfloor

heating system

consumption by 30%

compared with other

mechanical systems

Table 6. Climatic design arrangements and proper

mechanical system to reduce energy consumption.

(the analysis and processing of the research by

author)

1. Using

environmentally-friendly materials

2. Designing a narrow and elongated form of

the building along the east-west axis

domestic,

accessible,

J Art Arch Stud. 9(1): 14-22, 2020

[9] Moeini M (2008). The Study of the Formation Process of

3. Designing openings in the southern facade

of the building to use sunlight in winter

4. Blocking and insulating the windward and

cold side of building in winter, and using coniferous

trees against cold winds

5. Minimizing openings in eastern and western

sides

6. Using south porches as canopies against

sunlight in summer

7. Working out the depth of canopy given the

angle of radiation of the sun in winter and summer

8. Using greenhouse space in the southern side

of building

9. Locating main spaces like bedroom, living

room, and dining room in the southern side

The presence of corridors in the northern side of

the building as the intermediate space between main

indoor and outdoor spaces.

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DECLARATIONS

[16] Golabchi M (2014). The Basics of Designing High-rise

Buildings. Tehran: Tehran University Publications.

Authors’ contribution

All the authors contributed equally to the work

presented.

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Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no competing

interests.

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