19

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.511 48/jaas.2019.4

ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE THE

EFFECTS OF SALT STORMS

Zahra Farzaneh^and Shabnam Akbari Namdar²

¹PhD Student in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran

²Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran

ABSTRACT: With an increased level of salty and saline land in the region around

Lake Urmia followed by powerful winds and the creation of salt dust, the agricultural

lands of the region progressively move towards salinization and eventually

Research Article

desertification. Environmental adverse effects of salt dust in the dried areas of the lake,

PII: S238315531900004-8

which is the chief source of this problem, can be minimized by drainage. In more

detail, by continual or sporadic flooding methods or by sprinkler irrigation and

precipitation, soluble salts can be washed from saline soil profiles. Object-oriented

image analysis (OBIA) techniques are one of the latest means of satellite image

processing in the scope of remote sensing. These techniques have significant potential

in soil science studies. The application of soil improvers to advance the physical and

structural characteristics of the soil is quite common. This study is of review and

descriptive type, and the collection of resources in this study was a library method and

by reviewing Internet resources. The results of this research suggest relevant

architectural and urban design solutions to reduce physical vulnerability to storms. In

this respect, solutions have been given.

Received: 22 Sep. 2019

Revised: 30 Nov. 2019

Published: 15 Dec. 2019

 Corresponding author’s E-mail:

Iran.1z.farzaneh@gmail.com

KEYWORDS: Salt Storm, Architectural Solutions, Soil Improvers, Climate

INTRODUCTION

Near the year, phenomena influence the movement

of water in the soil and are a function of factors such

Natural and synthetic processes are currently critical

threats to aquatic ecosystems and objects. Mainly

due to mismanagement of water use in the basin and

reduced access to the lake, Lake Urmia, the world's

second-largest salt lake in northwestern Iran, is

drying up. The lake's water level has been declining

rapidly since the mid-1990s. Meanwhile, the

construction of fifty dams and diversion structures

driving climate change, are the principal reasons for

this. The creation of a 15-kilometer road in the

middle of the lake's Street is another reason that

stops the normal circulation in the lake. The

situation has become severe over the past two

decades, and the need for restoration is an essential

priority for the region. The contribution of ten main

rivers to pour into the lake is considered as the

ultimate solution to this disaster. However, the

biggest challenge associated with any restoration

program is public awareness and information about

environmental values. Environmental adverse

effects of salt dust in the dried areas of the lake,

which is the chief source of this problem, can be

minimized by drainage. Hitherto, drainage has only

meant discharging excess water from the ground.

Obviously, this has been done in dry and semi-arid

regions, along with the extraction of excess salt from

the soil. Salinity and wetlands are related

phenomena.

as climatic conditions and soil characteristics [1].

Optimization of saline soils usually starts with the

downward displacement of accrued salts on the

surface, and the restoration of these soils by

interruption of capillary ascent flow has also been

studied [2].

In developed countries, due to the attention of these

countries to environmental protection and the

existence of governmental and non-governmental

institutions, the destructive effects of human

activities and environmental degradation are low

and limited. These environmental harms and

damages happen in different manners in different

environments such as seas and lakes, jungles, cities,

villages, and other spaces. Meantime, the

elimination of water resources (sea, lake, swamp,

river, spring, etc.) due to the direct dependence of

human life on them and the preparation of human

water needs, are of supreme importance. Wetlands

are worthy ecosystems that have a broad variety of

functions among many types of natural ecosystems.

In addition to protecting biodiversity, they further

have multiple other natural, economic, and social

values. Economic researches prove that a wetland

has about ten times the economic value of forests

and 200 times the economic value of arable lands

[3].

2019 SCIENCELINE

Citation: Farzaneh Z and Akbari Namdar Sh (2019).

Architectural solutions to reduce the effects of salt

storms. J. Art Arch. Stud., 8 (2): 19-29.

Journal of Art and Architecture Studies

ISSN 2383-1553

JAAS

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51148/jaas.2019.4

J. Art Arch. Stud. 8(2): 19-29, Dec 15, 2019

20

Farzaneh and Akbari Namdar, 2019

Lake Urmia and its environment

and affluent biological parts and natural ecosystems

It is the twentieth largest lake in the world and of the country. For this reason, the obligation to

the second after the Dead Sea in terms of salinity. Its preserve natural habitats, not only in officially

maximum depth is 16 meters, and its average depth protected ranges but in the entire natural

is 5 meters. The average length of this lake is about environment of Lake Urmia, which entails sensitive

140 km, and its width is between 16 and 63 km. Also, and vulnerable ecosystems, seems inevitable. These

its approximate volume is estimated at 31 billion ecosystems are quite fragile and vulnerable to

cubic meters. The water of this lake is chiefly fed by natural and synthetic changes. That is why making

14 permanent rivers including Zarrinehrood (41%), any environmental disturbance without factoring in

Siminehrood (11%), Godar (8%), Barandooz (6%), the special features in them, will have a destructive

Shahrchai (2%), Nazlouchai (6%), plus 7seasonal and adverse result. If the ecological balance is upset,

rivers, 39 flood streams, springs within the lake, and the reproducibility is very restricted, and it is quite

direct rain and snow. The lake was registered on the challenging to return them to their original state. In

UNESCO World Heritage List (1967). It is also terms of salinity, this lake has unique ecological and

registered as one of the international wetlands climatic conditions for the settlement of specific

(registered in the Ramsar Convention) [4].

plant and animal species. Insofar as the

development of valuable habitats in this area has

improved biodiversity. Environmental standards,

such as excess consumption of freshwater for

agriculture in the coastal spaces around the lake,

contamination of water and soil resources by many

industrial pollutants, agriculture and urban

wastewater and construction of a passageway in the

lake, without evaluating the adverse environmental

results, have altered the hydrological and

hydrodynamic processes of Lake Urmia. The results

confirm that if this trend remains without optimal

environmental management, we will shortly observe

the disappearance of ecological, economic, tourism,

social, and aesthetic indicators of the lake. This is

currently befalling with drought and human

intrusion on the natural environment of the lake.

Additionally, as a result of the interaction of

increasing lake water salinity and overfishing, a large

part of Artemia crustacean has been lost. These

results are a serious alarm for the failure of

maintenance management and unsustainable

exploitation of worthy natural ecosystems of Lake

Urmia.

Figure 1. Urmia Lake

Urmia Lake is one of the most important

international wetlands that has come to the brink of

elimination in recent years for many factors,

including the implementation of development

projects. The adverse situation of Lake Urmia began

a decade ago and is getting more critical day by day.

Insofar as with this current trend, the possibility of

total drying in the Urmia Lake in the following few

years is not far from expectation. Lake Urmia's basin

has been suffering droughts and consecutive dryness

for at least a decade. Also, this basin is located in the

construction place of different water structures in

the form of dams, dikes, and bridges. These dams

have been built without consideration of the copious

droughts and lakes. This has led to the expansion of

agriculture in the upper reaches of the rivers.

Because of natural and man-made factors, this

upstream prosperity has born the gradual drying up

of the lake. The consequences of this problem in the

succeeding few years will display in the form of

disturbance of biological foundations in the area,

urban and rural settlements, salinity of agricultural

soils, and the emergence of one of the dust centers in

the northwest of the country [5].

Population

distribution

of

human

societies and the development of polluting

sources

According to examinations conducted in 2007,

the human population in the Lake Urmia basin was

approximately 4913553 people. Of these, 69% lived

in urban regions, and the remaining 31% dwelled in

rural spaces. The higher urban population statistics

show the huge capacity for changes in the ecosystem

of the region by human and manufacturing factors.

Because the quantity of pollutants in urban areas is

more than in rural ones. Parallel with the event of

drought, rapid, and uncontrolled population

increase in arid and semi-arid zones is likewise one

Considering the high biodiversity and the

presence of different habitats in this basin, it can be

assumed that this area is one of the most significant

21

J Art Arch Stud. 8(2): 19-29, 2019

of the critical obstacles to achieving sustainable As the salt dries when exposed to air at a pressure

development. The impact of this factor on water below the unit stability limit, the salt breaks down

resources management is also quite grave and into a powder and disperses rapidly into the

alarming. Because on the one hand, it raises water encompassing areas. The expanse of salt along with

consumption and water supply services and, on the water, wind and other dispersing agents, on the one

other hand, because of increasing the volume of hand, causes the development of saline areas, and on

domestic and municipal wastewater and industrial the other hand, with the impact of salt on vegetation,

process effluents and agricultural drainage water, it animals and even humans, cause the loss and

generates many problems and issues in managing reduction of living conditions in the area. The

environmental quality and especially sustainable expanse of the salt desert happens at a very high

management of water and soil resources [6].

rate, and its influence on soil and the climate is

much more critical than the impact of deserts in

central Iran. The expansion of the salt desert by the

Pollution from port activities

Other significant sources of pollution in Lake salt storm resulting from the constant drying of Lake

Urmia is port activities. There are major ports in Urmia has the potential to destroy 1,200 square

Lake Urmia, the most important of which include kilometers. Due to the crystallographic lattice and

the Sharafkhaneh port in Shabestar city, salty cleavage, this mineral is very easy to crush and

Golmankhaneh port on the west coast of Urmia (20 powder. Following leaving the water, salt deposits

km from Urmia city), Rahmanloo port in Maragheh are exposed to erosion and are moved as particles

city, and Aq Gonbad port in Eslamy Island. Different with the wind. Therefore, with the wind blowing, a

activities in ports contaminate the water of Lake salt storm forms in the area and affects a very broad

Urmia.

area (around 1200 km) in the shortest time. This

transfer is reported to improve and expand the salt

The impact of salt dust and its desert, hence destroying the biological system.

environmental results

The drought of Lake Urmia causes the

precipitation of salt sediments and the rise of a

suitable bed for the creation of dangerous fine dust

during harsh storms. Considering that the direction

of the prevailing winds in the region is in the

direction of southwest, west, and southeast, the

possibility of political-security damage to the coastal

cities of the eastern to northeastern and even

Figure 2. The volume of water consumption in various

northwestern shores of Lake Urmia due to salt

storms is very high. Field studies and conversations

with the natives dwelling in the Gorchin Qaleh and

Qal Qachi regions indicate the existence of this

destructive phenomenon. Lake Urmia is the second

parts of Lake Urmia basin (http://ulrp.sharif.ir )

Climate

Surely, one of the most critical concerns

following the regression and drought of a large part

of Lake Urmia is becoming one of the active centers

of salt dust in the area. The irreversible

consequences of this matter will appear in the not

too distant future. The figure displays areas of the

country within a radius of 75 km, 100 km, and 500

km from the lake. Regrettably, if this lake becomes

one of the active centers of dust production, a

notable population will be exposed to the menace of

dust created by the drought of Lake Urmia [7].

Desertification is additionally one of the most critical

dangers caused by the regression of a notable area of

Lake Urmia. In fact, the hurtful experience of Lake

Aral proves that the transformation of Lake Urmia

into the desert of Urmia cannot be far from the

expectation.

most

salt-saturated

lake

in

the

world.

Supersaturated solutions are sensitive to the

slightest changes. These solutions are converted to

saturated solutions with the slightest change in

conditions and precipitate huge quantities of solutes.

This law of chemistry, with the least change in

conditions, causes the deposition of various salts

(gypsum and anhydrite

- halite and Sylvite,

Carnallite, etc.). This causes the precipitation of salt

sediments in the lake bed. This phenomenon (salt

precipitation) decreases the volume of the lake and

regresses the waterline of the lake. Meanwhile, with

this regression, saline areas with a deep salt layer

(salt precipitation) expand. Based on the

crystallographic system and mineralogical system,

22

Farzaneh and Akbari Namdar, 2019

Winds

warm seasons, the impact of the lake in creating a

Winds are one of the climatic factors whose breeze is more prominent. In fall, the direction of

direction, amount, and intensity are effective in this relocation is east-west, while in winter, the wind

climate change and precipitation. The maximum blowing from the west is quite striking. In general,

mentioned frequency of wind in Urmia station is the main direction of the wind is from the west.

30%, blowing from the west. Insofar as the west

The local winds that blow in the Urmia area are

wind can be considered the dominant wind in the as follows:

area. Winds blowing from the northeast, north, and - Salmas winds: This wind blows in a north-south

southeast are in the next places in terms of wind direction and in Urmia, it is known as Salmas

frequency with 13.6, 13, and 10.7%, respectively. (north) wind.

Rainfall is normally concentrated in the months - White and black winds: blows in the opposite

when westerly winds are prevailing. In spring, the direction of the north-south wind and is known

intensity and span of winds are higher. Next, in locally as "Aq Yel" (white wind).

summer, autumn, and winter, and eventually in - Land-sea breeze: This wind is sensible owing to the

spring, a relative balance is set between the east and pressure difference between land and lake, and

west winds. Lake Urmia additionally helps to during the day, its direction is from the lake to land,

relocate surface masses by creating several breezes while at night, it is from land to sea

during the day and night. Particularly in mild and (Http://tarrahi1.blogfa.com/post/60 ).

Figure 3.

23

J Art Arch Stud. 8(2): 19-29, 2019

Climate indicators

storms. Owing to the prevailing winds in the region,

Solar Index. is a coefficient based on which which are in the southwest-west-southeast direction,

the amount of building use of solar radiant energy is the probability of harm to the coastal cities of the

defined (National Building Regulations of Iran, eastern to northeastern and even northwestern

Article 19).

banks of Lake Urmia due to salt storms is quite high.

The effect of wind on the feeling of The phenomenon of salt storms will further induce

comfort. In general, wind can affect human the destruction of agricultural lands and the

comfort in open urban spaces in two chief ways. incidence of diseases like asthma, cancer, etc.

First, through the physical impacts it has on human

activities and is made by wind pressure on the

human body; And second, through the influence on villagers are poorer and also do not have the

the temperature sensed by the human body. required knowledge to deal with the threats due to

Poverty and unemployment. Since the

Beaufort Index. The wind changes the feeling lack of literacy, their vulnerability is higher. When

of comfort by applying pressure and force to humans confronting the crises, it is essential to be prepared

and things in the open air. In this case, the higher and respond properly. In this regard, recognizing the

the wind velocity, the greater the pressure on current situation, identifying hazards, assessing

humans and things. Thus, its effects on people's risks, determining vulnerability, and intervening to

comfort will be different. In different countries, lessen harm to communities is necessary. Because

there are huge differences between the criteria used otherwise, the destruction caused by the disaster will

to estimate the tolerance threshold.

Penn Warden Index.

increase promptly in the short term. According to

the the FAO, with the drying up of Lake Chad, fishing

examines

relationship between human thermal comfort and decreased acutely, and as climate change and its

atmospheric factors such as wind, temperature, and disastrous effects on agriculture in the region grew

radiation, along with human factors such as clothing poverty and the spread of many diseases, people in

and activity. Suitable and unsuitable winds of an the region were forced to move to other regions. It

area can be identified based on meteorological has also been determined based on comparative

information of the area [7].

studies that the drop in the level of the Aral Sea has

led to the elimination of fishing-related activities,

The foremost reasons for the drying up of and the drying up and abandonment of the ports of

Lake Urmia

Moynaq in Uzbekistan and Aralsk in Kazakhstan.

The causes and outcomes of the destruction or Further, the fishing industry in these two ports was

drying up of lakes, which are mainly caused by demolished along with 60,000 jobs, incurring

human interference or natural elements, in many irreversible economic and social costs. Lowered

parts of the world are different. These consequences economic activities in the region will raise

include economic, climatic, environmental, and unemployment, reduce the livelihood of indigenous

recreational instability. Adverse consequences of this peoples, and thus increase poverty.

happening include population perils, biodiversity

Migration. Soleimani Ziveh [9]'s study in 2010

loss, illness spread, habitat loss, climate change, reveals that the drying of Lake Urmia induces the

plant and animal population decline, and the like destruction of thousands of hectares of agricultural

[8].

land in the region of this lake. The least consequence

1- Absence of coherent planning program for the of this is the unemployment and migration of almost

entire basin of Lake Urmia

3 million people in the provinces of East and West

Azerbaijan.

2- Abnormal dam construction

3- Shahid Kalantari freeway in Urmia Lake

Closing of conversion industries.

A

different study by Hesami and Amini [10] in 2016

explains that with the destruction of agricultural

lands in the Urmia Lake basin, which happened due

to the drying of deep wells in agricultural lands, the

closure of 34 conversion factories in West Azerbaijan

province alone will have irreversible effects in all

areas of economic, industrial, social, and cultural,

and will result in the forced emigration of villagers

and marginalization around cities.

Political-security outcomes of drying of

Lake Urmia

Library findings

Salt storm threat. According to the

researches of Urmia Lake Revive Headquarters, the

dryness of the lake engenders the precipitation of

salt sediments and the formation of a suitable bed

for the formation of hazardous dust during harsh

24

Farzaneh and Akbari Namdar, 2019

investing in the tourism for this lake has faced

Tourism: Numerous studies have been difficulties, and the construction of seaside tourism

conducted about the impact of drying of Lake Urmia facilities in this domain no longer makes sense.

on tourism in this area, which indicates that the

tourism situation is worsening with the drying of

Prevalence

of

different

diseases:

Lake Urmia. Asghari Sar-Eskalrood with the Comparative studies directed on dried lakes in the

cooperation of other researchers in 2014 [10 ] world and studies by researchers and Lake Urmia

claimed that in addition to the natural environment, Rehabilitation Headquarters show that the spread of

the drying of Lake Urmia influences the economic various illnesses in this area is probable with the

and social environment of the region. Insofar as in drying up of Lake Urmia. Diseases include increased

recent years, the continuation of the upward trend of neonatal mortality, low birth weight, late

lake water depletion induces the destruction of pubescence, anemia, respiratory illnesses, immune

resorts, recreational and household complexes, system deterioration, neurological and behavioral

destruction of coastal infrastructure, unemployment changes,

of local citizens and migration of inhabitants of investigations also prove the emergence of social

villages along the lake, reducing tourist arrivals, anomalies, public distrust of government

and

infectious

diseases.

These

reducing income from the tourism industry and performance, difficulties in managing the regional

ultimately demand pressure on nearby destinations. space, and ethnic, tribal, and marginalization

With the regression of the water of Lake Urmia, conflicts.

Table 1. Classification of influential variables based on experts' opinions

Index

Classification of the variables

Economic issues

Regional economy, regional employment, regional tourism

Agriculture of the region (agriculture and horticulture), industry of the region, livestock and

poultry breeding of the region, livestock and dairy products of the region, honey production

in the region, health of poultry and livestock of the region, emergence of new uses, salt

harvesting needed by industries

Production area

Political issues

Natural issues

Social issues

Political crises

Agricultural soils, rangelands, salt storms, dust, quick sands, saline and non-saline dust

centers, water resources in and around the area (wells, springs, etc.), sunlight reflection

(albedo), light radiation, radiation from salts and elements, local climate, the dominant

ecosystem of the lake intrusion area, the ability of the area to become a national park

Health of local residents (physical, mental), local people, farmers community

Residential system

Major issues

Migration (village to city, out of province, etc.) Ruralization

Toxic compounds, food chain

Source: Research Findings (2017)

The effectiveness of Gum Arabic and Use

of Object-Oriented Fuzzy Technique in

Improving Physico-Chemical Conditions of

Saline Soils

of the most influential and effective factors on soil

quality while it has no instantaneous and rapid effect

[11 ]. According to researchers, soil salinity has been

suggested as an abnormal environmental hazard due

The use of soil improvers to improve the to its effects on human life [12 ].

physical and structural characteristics of the soil is

But this working solution is limited because of

quite common. Gum Arabic improves soil's the low quality of saline soils. Hence, other strategies

biological properties even in saline soils. Such that it to increase soil quality are needed to better establish

increases the soil respiration from -67 to 275 (1-day vegetation. In applied agriculture, there are soil

CO2kg 2CO) in treated soils when the original modifiers that improve soil physical condition by

respiration was 7 to 77 (MgCO2KG-1DAY-1). Gum being added to the soil. Such substances are termed

arabic also developed the hydraulic conductivity of soil improvers. These materials can be synthesized

the saturated soils and decreased the acidity of the or natural, organic, or inorganic. Other than

test soils. Soil salinity, as one of the global and enhancing the physical condition of the soil, natural

critical perils in arid and semi-arid zones [4], is one polymers also add much nutritional value to the soil.

25

J Art Arch Stud. 8(2): 19-29, 2019

Since they are natural, these materials can be more

affordable than synthesized polymers [13 ]. Arabic

gum, or acacia gum, is a hydrocolloid that produces

a gelling property in the presence of water. It is a

high molecular weight polysaccharide branched

chain with calcium, magnesium, and potassium

salts. This substance may be neutral or slightly acidic

with a pH of 4.5-5.5 [13]. Because of the presence of

hydroxyl groups in the gum and its hydrophilicity, it

can condense viscosity or form a gelling or gel-like

state in the environment it is present in [14].

How to remove dandruff from stones and bricks

- Abrasion of the surface

- Hydrochloric acid

- Washing with water and brush

- Nano stone

Object-Oriented

Image

Analysis

(OBIA)

techniques are one of the new techniques of satellite

image processing in the domain of remote sensing

with significant potential in soil science

investigations. In this respect, OBIA is recognized as

a method that mixes the spectral and spatial pattern

of satellite images to produce more accurate results.

This method has been developed against basic pixel

methods, which face a severe challenge of spectral

property similarity. The chief objective of this

research is to investigate soil salinity and apply a

unified approach of object-oriented fuzzy to control

land cover changes in the eastern bank of Lake

Urmia, which has been influenced by salinity

expansion.

Figure 4. Dandruff formation and its mixture with

lime and clay

Control of salt dust particles by the non-

biological method and by blending them with

lime and clay

Chlorides are prevalent in marginal areas.

Because these substances are mainly of aquatic

origin and are absorbed in large amounts of water.

There are two main methods of penetration of these

salts. One is through the ground and with the help of

upward moisture in the walls. The other is through

unwanted marine materials that are transported by

the wind as a spray from the sea.

How to prevent this problem from

occurring?

The first way is to use salt-free sand and

cement and to use stones in a dry and mechanical

manner. That is, to pin and screw the stone to the

building surface. The second method is to use

washed sand with less salt. Some cities in Iran have

sweet soil. In fact, no matter how deep we dig, we

will yet reach sweet soil. These types of soils contain

the best sand and cement for facade construction.

After working on your building stone, wash it twice

with urban water at intervals of 7 to 15 days.

Figure 5. How to remove dandruff from stones and

bricks

26

Farzaneh and Akbari Namdar, 2019

Introducing risk

Tornado and Tropical Storms

situation of the building, the height and shape of the

construction, and the location of the building

relative to adjacent buildings. The wind force is

essentially dynamic, but for simpler representation,

it is used statically. Wind power distribution in

buildings is in the form of steps and is always

vertical to the surface [15].

Figure 6. Stages of formation of tropical storms

The impact of wind on the body of the

The effect of salt storms on buildings

structure

A

tornado brings different destructions

The overall effects of wind on buildings are as

follows:

depending on its velocity. How powerful winds

influence buildings depends on four factors: the

Pressure in the wind

direction

Oscillation

Vibration

Stretching

Suction

Reversal of

components

Figure 7. Effect of wind on the building

The effect of wind on the outer aspects of

the structure

Wind-resistant building systems

Domes, arches, and most shell forms are types of

Other than the pressure they exert on the side wind-resistant systems. Stabilizing the form against

exposed to the wind, the winds create suction on the the wind starts with building a big base against

opposite side and upward force on the roofs overturning. The Transamerica building in San

(https://www.ready.gov/tornadoes ).

Francisco is an instance of this. Another issue is the

ratio between the height of the building and its

minimum size at the base, known as the slenderness

factor. There is also a difference between the

Slenderness ratio of the building mass and the

effective slenderness factor, which is obtained from

the effective structural lateral support mechanism.

Modern high buildings add to the constraints of this

slenderness factor. In such tall structures, lateral

loads are more important than gravity ones.

The presence of rigid joints, shear walls, and

braced frames further increase the resistance of

buildings to lateral forces, like the wind. In addition

to the lateral support, regardless of its type, the

bracing tends to move from the center of the floor

plan to the outside of the building to obtain more

stability in the structural system when lateral loads

increase. This practice can be completely seen in the

John Hancock building in Chicago [16].

Figure 8. The effect of wind on the external walls of

the building

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J Art Arch Stud. 8(2): 19-29, 2019

Tornadoes are a serious menace to buildings and

inhabitants in many places. The building may be

"properly built according to the rules," but that does

not mean it can be protected from harsh events such

as tornadoes and hurricanes. The answer is a safe

room or shelter from the wind. Places, where a safe

room can be built, are the basement, on top of a slab,

or a concrete garage, or an interior room on the first

floor.

Figure 12. Influence of wind affected by the shape

of the building

In spaces where, for reasons such as severe cold

or heat or extreme dust, the building should be

protected from very cold or very hot winds, building

complexes must be designed to be compact to block

the wind. In cases where high-rise buildings are

created near the streets, the highest and shortest

points of the building on the windward front should

be in the same direction so that the airflow reaches

the street level.

Figure 9. The correct location for the safe room

A safe room built in the basement gives

maximum protection. But a safe room made in an

interior room on the first floor cannot be as secure.

In the basement, the safe room should be designed

to limit water from accumulating through heavy

rains. To build a safe room, the following points

should be minded.

• Enough size to confront overturning

•

Resistance to wind pressure and the

Figure 13. The highest and shortest points of the

building on the windward front should be in the

same direction so that the airflow reaches the street

level.

penetration of objects in walls, ceilings, and doors

• Solid connection between all parts of the room

for wind resistance

• Safe room walls should be able to be detached

from the accommodation structure so that damage

to the accommodation does not harm the safe room

[17].

Site design solutions against salt storms

It is not always possible to create outside the

tidal zone. If a house or structure is in the vicinity of

a tidal wave, methods to reduce tidal and hurricane

damage should be considered. The best means to

protect property is to build at a level higher than

tidal levels. Ideally, all worthy property should be

secured at a level above the height of the storm tide.

To this end, one can use the slopes and heights on

the site and build constructions on the hills or

behind them (Figure 14).

Figure 10. How the building is located

Figure 14. Building the structures on a higher level,

on hills and heights, and behind the hills

About the adjacent buildings, cluster and non-row

layout are favored over row layout to block wind

tunnels (Figure 15 ).

Figure 11. Better deployment

28

Farzaneh and Akbari Namdar, 2019

Figure 15. Avoiding wind tunnels in the cluster

plan

Figure 16. Planting rows of trees to guard

constructions

Planting rows of trees at a distance of 8 to 10

Elements like fences, cottages, and tiny

times their height difference with buildings is warehouses and water tanks should be set at

another approach to decrease the risk. Minding this standard distances on the site, as harsh salt storms

distance is very critical (Figure 15 ).

can maximize the possibility of damaging adjacent

buildings (Figure 17).

Advised

Not advised

Figure 17. Avoiding the placement of site elements at non-standard distances from the building

CONCLUSION

national blessing will become an irreversible

environmental catastrophe. With the salinities built

In this study, while examining the effective factors in around Lake Urmia, salt particles exposed to the air

the decreased water level of Urmia Lake, soil can be moved by the wind and precipitate on fertile

salinity, environmental and ecosystem outcomes of lands. As a result, agricultural lands become

the decrease of water in this lake were studied. unusable. Furthermore, the movement of these salts

excessive human interventions in the ecological cycle by wind and their precipitation in surface water and

of the area, such as digging many wells, constructing infiltration into groundwater yields the salinization

many dams without detailed investigations, of irrigation water. Salinity is one of the harshest

constructing the Shahid Kalantari bridge, etc., have environmental

constraints

on

agricultural

played a notable part in causing this poor situation productivity. The use of Gum Arabic, as well as

for Lake Urmia. The results of the research show object-oriented image analysis (OBIA) techniques, is

that with the continuation of this course, the one of the latest techniques of satellite image

environmental and health hazards of Lake Urmia in processing in the field of remote sensing. This

the not too far future will change the region and method, which has significant potential in soil

encircling cities and provinces. As a result, this great science studies, is advised as a solution. Considering

29

J Art Arch Stud. 8(2): 19-29, 2019

1–8.

Google

Scholar ,

the answers to deal with soil salinity, building design

solutions, and confronting salt storms, we concluded

that buildings with a circular form have less

resistance to wind and pass it easily. In areas subject

to harsh storms, the number and strength of glass

doors and windows should be ensured. Because

these parts are quite weak and are one of the most

critical factors in the storm to enter the house. Since

different roofs also exhibit different resistance to

storms, care must be taken in picking them. Still,

every house needs a safe room that people in the

home can cover in the case of an emergency. These

shelters can be made in the basement, above the

garage, or in a room on the first floor. Additionally,

constructing houses behind natural barriers such as

hills in a cluster organization, and planting trees at a

proper distance around them are some of the

measures that should be considered. To deal with

the impacts of salt storms, designs such as dynamic

capacities, fencing, etc. have been introduced that

can be employed according to the studied bed.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.001

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A (2005). Water Crisis, Association of

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DECLARATIONS

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All the authors contributed equally to the work

presented.

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Li C (2010). Analysis of Salinization Dynamics by

Remote Sensing in Hetao Irrigation District of North

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Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no competing

interests.

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