DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51148/jaas.2018.3

THE USE OF THE NATURALISM APPROACH IN

DESIGNING THE TABRIZ CARPET MUSEUM

Amir Rishi Jegheh and Ardalan Karimi

Ilkhchi branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilkhchi, Iran

ABSTRACT

Culture and art have come from the very beginning of mankind, along with human life,

Research Article

in order to calm down humankind, and what comes out of mind in different arts and in

different ways. With the advancement of mankind in various arenas and sciences, art,

in turn, was subject to change and in various parts of the earth's human races, the

craftsmanship of buildings and handicrafts was made in caves. Meanwhile, art in the

Middle East from ancient times was the cradle of human civilization and the creator

and developer of human beings in various fields, including art. From ancient times,

especially after the arrival of Islam, Iran has witnessed progress in various fields of

literary culture, especially art and architecture. In addition to the art of building and

architecture, the creation of motifs in the tiling of mosaics etc. Handmade carpet art is

one of the characteristics of recognizing the art of the land of Iran, especially the

territory of Azerbaijan. Tabriz is a Persian carpet garden with the texture and

development of a variety of carpets in different designs with a fringe in the range and

worldwide name in different parts of the world. It is worth mentioning that this ancient

city has an exhibition or museums in which architecture along with art witnesses the

display of authentic Iranian and Islamic art and architecture. In the post-industrial and

post-modern era, we are studying and designing the spaces needed for the place. In

addition to an indicator for the city of Tabriz, we have a very small footprint in

reducing the heating of the earth and using indigenous and nature-friendly materials.

PII: S238315531800003-7

Received: 22 Aug. 2018

Revised: 30 Nov. 2018

Published: 15 Dec. 2018

^Corresponding author’s e-mail:

Ardalan_Karimi2003@yahoo.com

KEYWORDS

Museum, Carpet, Naturalism Architecture, Architectural Design

INTRODUCTION

selected by the World Council for Handicrafts as the

"World Carpet City" [3].

One of the phenomenal phenomena in recent years

is the growing trend of globalization. Our country is

also seeking to join the World Trade Organization

(WTO) in order to expand its non-oil exports and

presence in global markets and is currently a

member of the Organization's oversight body. One of

the important industries that should be studied for

this purpose is the handmade carpet. The export

competitiveness index of handcrafted carpet 65

Isfahan silk rings is equal to 0.88, indicating that the

65 handcrafted silk rings of Isfahan province are in

competition with the current conditions in the global

markets. Relative benchmark index is equal to 0.79

based on unit cost, which is the actual competitive

advantage in free competition conditions after the

accession of Iran to the WTO, and represents the

relative advantage of the province in producing the

carpet [1]. In the meantime, Tabriz has a special

popularity. Tabriz Carpet is one of the types of

Iranian carpets. This carpet is woven in the city of

Tabriz [2 ]. This city is one of the most important

centers of carpet weaving in Iran and its carpets

have a lot of variety and variety. Tabriz is currently

Undoubtedly, the existence of a museum as a

cultural institution in the community is essential.

The culture of every society is a general concept and

embraces all the spiritual values and findings of the

peoples of that society.

So the heritage culture is any ethnic group that

has been taken from its predecessors and has been

transformed into it and has been transmitted to

subsequent generations. Cultures and civilizations,

like humans, have three evolutionary stages:

They have a childhood and adolescence. They

reach perfection and reach old age and eventually

disappear. It takes the form of dynamic and

necessary cultures and civilizations, takes over from

other cultures, and throws away what is redundant.

Maribota Speaks in Iran:

My first attempt at designing and working on the

project understands the subject. For example, when

it comes to the museum, first of all I ask myself:

"What is today's museum?" For me, there is an

institution with a strong intellectual character.

2018 SCIENCELINE

Citation: Rishi Jegheh A and Karimi A (2018).

The use of the naturalism approach in designing

the Tabriz carpet museum. J. Art Arch. Stud. 7(2):

21-27. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51148/jaas.2018.3

Journal of Art and Architecture Studies

ISSN 2383-1553

JAAS

J. Art Arch. Stud. 7(2): 21-27, Dec. 15, 2018

Rishi Jegheh and Karimi, 2018

People go to the museum to ask artists and

artwork. Therefore, the issue of spirituality is the

Define a museum or display house

So far, no comprehensive theory of how the

spirituality that follows the forms of aesthetics [4 ]. museum is described as a place is not expressed, of

At behind these forms of aesthetics is a moral course, this does not mean that there is no proper

tension that must be transmitted. For me, the understanding of what the museum is, because the

museum today has the same function as the ancient museums that were built and the designs presented

cathedral, as the cathedral of contemporary world by the various designers each It can be argued that a

non-religious.

museum without a definite definition can properly

Such a reflection within the museum creates two address all of the museums, and can be found, and

heroes. The first hero is the visitor, and the second is each of its specific museums will be discovered and

the artwork to be discussed at the museum, so I will made available to republic [5].

divide the space with this view into two seasons:

The space on which the visitor moves.

Types of museums

Mellow atmosphere in which the work of art is

Museums are categorized in a variety of ways,

placed (and it should not be influenced by including historic and archaeological museums,

architectural artwork). outdoor museums, anthropological museums,

In the next step, while I have not yet done any palaces of museums, science and historical

lines, I try to search the site for a question. The earth museums, regional museums, museums

and its condition respond well to us. I ask the earth (Circulation), park museums, museum of weapons

what it's like to be? After that, the relation to the (military), museum of thinkers (house of artists)

ground meets the concept, not the architectural historical and archaeological museum: Historical

form. And what matters to me is the relationship view, representing historical dynasties. Most of these

between architecture and the environment, not the works are derived from archaeological excavations,

form of architecture [5].

representing the culture and the past of the past and

Humanity has evolved from the earth and has integrating the science, art and knowledge of a

developed on Earth and in nature. Human nation or a nation. Such museums are also called

handicrafts are inspired by nature and creation. The mothers. The National Museum of Iran (Ancient

combination of art and architecture with the use of Iran), the National Museum of Versailles in France,

naturalism can create a natural art by combining the and the Museum of History in Washington are of

architectural mind. To emphasize the role of nature this type.

in the carpet with a construction that reflects this

role along with the creative architecture of nature.

Outdoor Museum: By creating these types of

museums, important findings of the biostatistics can

So at the beginning of the life, by studying the be made. The time of one scientific excavation of

naturalistic approach and converting them into archaeology leads to the successful results and the

signals, we can see a general view of the subject.

discovery of valuable immovable works and cannot

The main question now is what is naturalism in be transferred to museums, by providing the

architecture and how can it be used in designing the necessary conditions and facilities, they provide the

Tabriz carpet museum?

The overall aim of this research is to investigate Outdoor Museum. Among these, one can mention

naturalism in the design of the carpet museum. the Persepolis in Shiraz and the Hegmataneh-

In this research, it is tried to analyze the Historical Site in Hamadan.

place for public visibility. This is known as the

documents using comparative and analytical

These museums are also common in other

descriptive methods, and compare them with the countries such as China, Greece and some other

similar designs and adapt the weaknesses and countries. In the province of Khorasan, the history of

strengths.

"Ghatyan" in Goz, which has very beautiful stylistics

from the Sassanid period, as well as the historic site

Methodology (data collection in this of "Shaykh" of Neyshabur, can be a good place for

research) this.

Anthropological museums: culture, customs,

beliefs, clothing, and social traditions prevailing in

In this method, we examine the land in terms of

its area and its gradients and its topography.

In the method of analyzing information, we try society. Tehran Museum of Anthropology and

to quantitatively and qualitatively examine the Ganjali Khan Bath are of this type.

content in terms of descriptive analysis, comparison,

cause and effect, and to better design the subject.

Chamber of Commerce: The building is a

historical monument that has come from our

J Art Arch Stud. 7(2): 21-27, 2018

ancestors, and it expresses the status and manner of inventor of electricity in the United States of this

life of its owners. There may be historical objects as type. In Iran, the large community of people,

well as works of art, including painting on the wall, "Master Abolhassan Saba", has become a museum

plastering, etc. The palace of the museums is usually and includes paintings, publications and personal

created at the governmental centers, the purpose of belongings [5].

which is the establishment of these museums to

showcase the history of the museum as well as the

study of Sadabad's palaces in Tehran and the Malek

Abad Moshhad Gardens of these museums.

Carpet or rug

Carpet or rug is a woven base from cotton, wool

and, in some cases, silk, which is usually used to

Art museums: There are a variety of visual and cover the earth. Since carpets and rugs have always

aesthetic arts exhibitions and usually have a lot of had beautiful robes, today they are also considered

visitors, the Museum of Fine Arts in Tehran and the to be decorative.

Museum of Decorative Arts in Isfahan.

Museum of Science and Natural Exhibitions:

Scientific experiments are based on the evidence,

Tabriz and carpet art

With regard to the history of carpet in Tabriz, it

and the natural and historical works and can be said that according to the historic history of

instruments that cover various plant species, this city, the art of carpet weaving is in fact before

especially avian species. The Natural History the Safavid era. In the second half of the fifteenth

Museum of Isfahan and the Museum of Natural century and during the Safavid period, the carpet

Sciences and Science of Mashhad are of this type.

turned into a state-of-the-art rural courtyard.

Local or regional museums: represent the Another important development in the carpet of this

culture of a region or a particular neighborhood and period was the designs created by the artists of the

only exhibit historical works and objects of the same court of Tabriz and Herat. Ian Bennet's book "Rugs

area. The Museum of Susa, Persepolis and Tous and Carpet of the World" finds another comment on

Museum in Khorasan are of this type.

the carpet of Tabriz during Safavid times, which is

Mobile museums: To quickly advance cultural quoted here: "A large number of medallion or

goals and due to the lack of opportunities in medley chunks that were in the early years of the

deprived areas and cities. These museum’s exhibit 16th century under the rule of Shah Isma'il I And

diverse cultures in different places. If this kind of Shah Tahmasb are woven, have a Slavic design and

museum is enough, it will be very impressive.

animal and human designs. "In this book, the author

Park Museums: Because of the various has tried to attribute a number of carpets in the

dimensions of science and culture, recreational and world's museums to the first half of the sixteenth

educational attractions, as well as entertainment, century to Tabriz workshops from the 17th century.

they are of great importance because they display Subsequently, after the Iranian carpet was found

natural and biological issues closely to the people. abroad, the artisans of Tabriz, with the taste of the

The important feature of these museums is that the people of Europe and the United States, began to

general public can benefit from them. There is no weave carpets that were very interesting and took

museum park in Iran, but it is common in countries the markets of those countries [6]. Tabriz is one of

like China and North Korea.

the most important knitting pillars of Iran in carpet

The cultural, national and historical places like weaving. Carpets, whether those that adorn the

Ferdowsi's Tomb in Mashhad, the tomb of Attar and world's prestigious museums or are in an

Khayyam in Neyshabur can be a good place to do so.

enthusiastic set of collectibles, or those that are on a

Museums of the Military: The historical process large scale, in the quality of the market, are well-

of the use of all kinds of military and military liked and well-liked. Compared to the statistics in

weapons is open to all. These types of objects include Tabriz and its suburbs, in 1966, 16,000 carpet

combat uniforms, guns and other combat gear.

workers worked on 32,150 weaver workers. Plus

The Museum of the Artists (House of Artists) is Several workshops have been working on carpets

intended to offer artists, writers, inventors and since many years ago. In recent years Tabrizi

inventors of the community, usually after their knitters have been turning to the production of

inception in their own homes, and includes personal extremely delicate silk carpets with a range of 50 and

belongings, tools and works of art, mostly in 60 on a large scale. Such carpets, some of which are

European countries It is common. Shakespeare's silken, are woven in mostly lacquer and bergamot

home is the famous English writer and Edison designs, often with beige and light beige colors, and

Rishi Jegheh and Karimi, 2018

are used in coloring flowers and patterns of

magenta, twig and olive [7]. Tabriz Carpets have

Nature-oriented architecture

Nature-oriented architecture is not an imitation

been woven from the smallest to the largest possible style, but an interpretation of the principles of

size with potted designs, trees, almonds, gardens, nature for the creation of natural forms. Designers

animals, hunting grounds, Herat, horns, leafs, and architects have been inspired by nature to create

harpsichord, hangings, craftsmanship and geometric their works. Or organic, not an imitation style, but

roles. The side texture and the flower is not very an interpretation of the principles of nature to make

pleasant to Tabriz [2]. Nowadays, Tabriz is known as natural forms. Engineers, designers and architects

the main focus of the supply of marble carpets in have inspired nature to create their work. An

Azerbaijan, and the main focus of the naming and elaborate organic architecture is nature and

naming companies is the Azerbaijani carpet. It is one principles that literally means the connection

of the most important knitting pillars of Iran in between the building and its surroundings, so that

carpet weaving. Carpets, whether those that adorn the building is combined with the site. In other

the world's prestigious museums or are in an array words, the naturalist-oriented philosophy represents

of enthusiastic collectors, or those that are on a large the harmony and adaptation of nature, man and

scale and in a commercially viable market and four- place of residence, and the overall composition of

way, are always lucid and customer-friendly [8].

the size of the architecture is such that the space

inside and outside are integrated and integrated with

nature from nature. Forms are a reflection of the

Naturalism

Naturalism or naturalism is usually referred to landscape and features of the site, for example,

as a philosophical belief that only the laws and forces buildings that are in the form of mountains and

of nature (not the laws and forces of the structures that are in the form of rivers and clouds.

supernatural) are active in the world and are beyond Architects are interested in imitation of nature not

the natural world. The followers of this idea are only to find new construction methods but also to

naturalistic or naturalistic, and themselves find new inspirational sources for expressing

naturalistic or naturalistic. They believe that the aesthetics [4, 10].

natural laws that govern the structure and behavior

The word "organic" is a natural word for

of the natural world, and the creature universe is the something to happen, but in architecture it has a

same rules, and is intended to discover and new meaning. Nature-oriented architecture is rooted

disseminate the natural laws. Note that naturalists in romantic philosophy, and romanticism is literally

are also referred to those who engage in scientific an artistic and philosophical movement in the late

research (or education) of nature and the natural nineteenth and eighteenth centuries in the

world (especially animal and plant sciences), to northwest of Europe that was transmitted to other

distinguish those with particular philosophical parts of Europe and America. This movement is a

functions. In this sense, "naturalist" and "eccentric" response to the rationality of modern wisdom. In

are synonymous with each other. The philosopher this context, all natural forms are dynamic. Organic

Paul Currents says the best way to describe the architecture can be defined in nine stages: nature,

nature of the application of material principles, organic, function, elegance, tradition, decorations,

including the crime and other physical and chemical spirituality, and the third dimension of space.

properties accepted by the scientific community. According to Frank Lloyd Wright, organic means the

Moreover, the meaning of naturalism is that the combination of the entire collection, and on organic

spirit, the ghost, and the gods have no reality. Nature buildings it is believed that architecture should be

is not a goal. Usually this meaning of naturalism is constructed based on the conditions of time, place,

called metaphysical or philosophical naturalism. environment and purpose. Consider the Johnson

God is an aversion to the idea that whatever nature Office Center Wax Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright,

is and no longer. Believe in gods or gods who have the pillars that climbed upward, beautifully

created nature. In theology they are also located and expanded, and the upper portions of the rocks such

they are considered to be disabled by secondary as the lily float on a semi-transparent surface, create

causes. In the twentieth century, W. W. Kevin and a realm underwater and a memorable atmosphere

George Stena, along with other philosophers, argued has created [10].

that the success of naturalism in science meant that

The nature-oriented architecture comes from a

scientific methods should be applied in philosophy. cultural tradition that is understandable through

From this perspective, science and philosophy form British romantic naturalism. The complete

a continuum [9].

development of such a British culture in the United

J Art Arch Stud. 7(2): 21-27, 2018

States has been characterized by the organic

Theoretical limitations: Human insights and

architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, which gradually thoughts about defining the place of nature and its

brings about a new idea of the relationship between relation to humans define it above or below the

humans and the environment The way in which human level.

architecture should manage relationships is also a

Both of these factors create the architecture of

way of striving for the ultimate sense of comfort and different environments in the nature of nature [13].

ease that lies in organic simplicity. In the

contemporary era, the use of natural elements in

residential spaces has become commonplace, for

All kinds of ideologies related to nature

Ideology of Controversial Nature (Facing

example, the presence of water and plants that Nature) (ideology of Confrontation)

provide a climate that is formed on the basis of

Ideology of nature (indifferent) (separation from

regular geometries or the use of natural and native nature)

materials to reduce the cost of making and achieving

Nature-oriented ideology (becoming one with

Contemporary sustainable design has been effective nature)

[10-12].

Naturalist

ideology

(Fragile

Theory)

Throughout his life on earth, man has (Completion Theory)

recognized nature as a vital and mysterious source.

And he always tried to discover all its dimensions,

including the expression of nature in art. Nature has

Ideology of Controversial Nature

The experience has been observed, when one

always been one of the most important inspirational uses a tool to overcome nature, the tool opens up

sources of history throughout history. For example, against him and endangers him until the stage of

the first remains of art in the caves. Aristotle; an destruction. The best example that can be mentioned

ancient philosopher was one of the first people, who is the use of nature tools to protect humans from

referred to nature as an inspirational source. natural hazards, to achieve more prosperity and to

Architects have used natural patterns in different mechanize modern life, which in the same way

ways in the process of designing a naturalistic irreversibly destroys human life through incidental

architecture. The application and appropriate audio, visual and the environment [13].

selection of native and natural materials and their

application have caused. Those distinct architectures

Naturalistic practices in carpet museum

are created with the idea of naturalism. Frank Lloyd architecture

Wright, Alvarelle, Louis Kahn and Richardson are

In our world, every new idea is rooted in the

good examples of architects. This has optimized the discovery of a number of hidden aspects of nature

quality of the use of natural materials in their that are strikingly apparent through observation and

projects [10].

revelation of natural variations.

1- Optimal use of materials

Man's relationship with nature in

architecture

The relationship between nature and man in

2. Maximization of structural power

3. Maximize the volume of enclosed space

4- Create the highest ratio of strength to

architecture is based on architectural design in structural weight

interaction with nature. Nature means comfort and

5- Use of stress and strain as the basis for

tranquillity. If we design a building that has a structural performance

nature-like behavior that is calm, then we can say

6. Creating efficient, energy-efficient, well-

that we have come to interact between architecture insulated and convenient environments without the

and nature [13].

need to use external energy.

7. Creating forms to improve the airway

colonization

Natural restrictions

Nature, despite its beauty and attractiveness,

provides two limitations for humans:

8. Use of materials available on site to build

9. Use of curved shapes to disperse multi-

Material constraints: Human beings cannot directional forces

withstand all the conditions of nature and must

separate from nature and refer to a different forms

environment.

10. Increase aerodynamic efficiency by structural

11. No toxic and harmful substances to the

environment

Rishi Jegheh and Karimi, 2018

12. Designing structures that can be built by a

single organism

Design should create the bridge between nature

and man. The design of the Carpet Museum of

In the early part of the 20th century, when Tabriz with

a nature-oriented approach is a

Wright's ideas were gradually shaped in its completely climate-oriented and nature-oriented

buildings, technology was rapidly expanding in construction commensurate with the culture and

America and America. This advancement in the field identity of Tabriz. The computing design approach

of architecture was, in theory, very evident. Despite of this complex is such that the building is

the fact that Wright was opposed to modern considered as part of nature and the surrounding

technology did not, but he did not consider it to be area, taking into account the context of the

the ultimate goal. According to Wright, technology is formation of the angles and axes of the building, in

a means to achieve a higher-level architecture that, order to create a complete harmony with the nature

to her mind, was an organic architecture. On May and history of the area.

20, 1953, he described Organic Architecture in

Taliesin square-paper with the following statement nature is emphasized in the design of this collection

[14]: to create a direct impact on the enthusiasm of

1. Nature: Only includes outside environment visitors in feedback with this collection. The form

like clouds, trees. and pattern of nature retain the type of visual power

The interaction between humans and space and

2. Organic: means the integrity and integrity of structure. The facade of the building is made up of

the components relative to the whole and the whole indigenous materials whose pattern and form make

component.

a familiar sense of the cult of the visitors of the local

3. Functional form: Functional performance is traditions. With the interpretation and connection

not correct, but the combination of form and between the building, nature and man, the concept

function, and the use of the invention of human of "man and nature" is considered.

thought in relation to the operation is essential.

Form and function are one.

In the design of the interior, the continuous flow

feature is evident from the design approaches with

4. Thoroughness: Human thinking and thinking the concept of nature and naturalism. Crossing up

must form the hard materials of a building in a the winding paths and guiding visitors to the arena,

pleasant and humane form. As the tree and the trees the showroom, the history hall, the art hall and

cover their branches, the building must be

carpet galleries create a variety of experiences. The

It is in the hands of man, and not in the nature, enthusiasm, and exploration of the building

opposite.

forces inspire visitors to fully understand the

5- Tradition: Adherence and non-imitation of building, and this sense is functional in the body and

tradition is the basis of organic architecture.

set of plans.

6- Decorating: An integral part of architecture.

The architecture of the detail is like the flowers to CONCLUSION

the branches of the plant.

7. Spirit: Soul is not something that is induced There is no doubt that the art of designing and

into a building, but it should be in it and it extends knitting carpets in Iran has become the full mirror of

from outside to outside.

most of Iranian artistic insights throughout history.

8. Third dimension: Contrary to popular belief, Nowadays, we know that the first sources of carpet

the third dimension is not width, but thickness and art have been flooded from the foot of this frontier

depth.

9. Space: An element that must be constantly universe from its delicate artifacts. The Iranian

expanded. The field is a putative foundation in which dialect, including the Tabriz carpet, as

all rhythms of the building should come from it and manifestation of the paradise of an unbreakable

flow therefrom. bond with customs, traditions, The culture and

and, in the history of history, has swept across the

Wright defines the term "organic architecture" religion of the people of this land have been and has

with other terms such as dynamic, vital, intricate, been and throughout history, along with the cultural

and all-embracing, and identifies with these and social changes of the people of this land has

synonyms the term "organic", which is equivalent to grown and has grown. Here it is worth mentioning

the Persian "organ". Wikipedia English)

from the master of art of carpet weaving of Iran, the

9. Design of the Carpet Museum of Tabriz with late Razam Arabzadeh in the Quarterly Journal of

Naturalism

Art We promise them; an oath that whispered the

Mahjouri's art of carpet weaving; All, the mother of

J Art Arch Stud. 7(2): 21-27, 2018

[4] Parvizi M and Karami I (2015). Principles of Islamic

aesthetics in the physical and spatial structure of

Iran's banana (Case study: Tehran carpet museum),

National Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning

Conference, Rasht, Payam Noor University of Guilan

Province.

all the traditional arts of this land, with all the words

of his fertility and survivor, and the great hadeeth of

love hidden in his womb, is so obscure and obscure.

Tabriz, as a carpet garden in Iran, deserves a

museum to showcase this art to the world. Beside

this exhibition, attention will be given to naturalism

and inspiration from our nature in the design of

nature. By studying design records, we need to come

up with a general conclusion about the design and

creation of such a space.

[5] Safari T, Acharya S, Urano S (2011). Inventors;

Kubisys Inc., assignee. Processing requests in virtual

computing environments. United States patent US

7,962,620. Link , Google Scholar

[6] Goswami KK (2018). Developments in handmade

carpets:

Introduction.

Advances

carpet

manufacture (pp. 213-268). Woodhead Publishing.

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101131-7.00011-3

, Google Scholar

DECLARATIONS

[7] Karimi Azari AR and Obshdar A (2014). Analysis of

the role of color and light in the transfer of

architectural concepts of carpet museums as the

Persian carpet identity, International Conference on

Acknowledgments

At the end, it is necessary to give thanks to the

Islamic Azad University – Ilkhchi branch. This

article is summarized from Thesis of first author in

this university.

Civil

Engineering,

Architecture

and

Urban

Infrastructure, Permanent Conference Secretariat .

Tabriz.

[8] Nasiri M (2010). Immortal legend of Iranian carpet.

Mirdashti Cultural Center Publication, Tehran, Iran.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no competing

interests.

[9] Retrieved from Persian Wikipedia website, (2018)

[10] http://4sooarc.com

[11] Breheny M (1993). Planning the sustainable city

region. Town & Country Planning. 62(4):71-5. Google

Scholar

REFERENCE

[1] Yousefvand S (2016). The Islamic Republic of IRAN

Accession to the WTO. Accession to the World Trade

[12] Smit J and Nasr J (1992). Urban agriculture for

sustainable cities: using wastes and idle land and

water bodies as resources. Environment and

Organization.

Ashgabat,

May

206.

https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/iran_s

esssion1_e.pdf

urbanization. 4(2):141-52. Google Scholar

https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789200400214

[2] Jafari F (1999). Tabriz Carpet Museum, Thesis,

Master of Architecture, Islamic Azad University,

Tabriz Branch, Tabriz.

[13] Bahrain, SH, (1997), Urban Development and

Sustainable Development, Approach, No. 17

[14] Wright FL (1953). Language of an Organic

Architecture (Book). [Spring Green, Wisc.] Series:

Taliesin square-paper, 16. Google Scholar , Worldcat

[3] http://hamshahrionline.ir (accessed: 2018)